Lesson 15

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or "How often?". They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:

1. daily, weekly, yearly
2. often, sometimes, rarely

You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea about frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite frequency.

Adverbs of definite frequency

Examples:

• hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
• every second, once a minute, twice a year
• once, twice, once or twice, three times

Adverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of definite time, typically go in END position. Look at these examples:

• Most companies pay taxes yearly.
• The manager checks the toilets every hour.
• The directors meet weekly to review progress.

Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the FRONT, for example:

• Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.

Adverbs of indefinite frequency


Examples:

• never, seldom, sometimes, often, always

Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the sentence. They go before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"):

• We usually go shopping on Saturday.
• I have often done that.
• She is always late.

Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence:

• Sometimes they come and stay with us.
• I play tennis occasionally.

Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):

• We see them rarely.
• John eats meat very seldom.

درس پانزدهم
قیدهای تکرار

قیدهای تکرار قیدهای زمانی هستند که در جواب سوالهای "چگونه اغلب؟" و یا" هر چند وقت یکبار؟" به کار برده میشوند. آنها به ما میگویند که هر چندوقت یک بار چیزی اتفاق می افتد. در زیر چند مثال میبینید.

1. daily, weekly, yearly
2. often, sometimes, rarely

ترجمه:a. روزانه، هفتگی، سالانه
b. اغلب، بعضی اوقات، به ندرت

احتمالا در گروه a و b تفاوتی میبینید. با کلماتی مانند daily ما دقیقا میدانیم چند وقت یک بار (چیزی اتفاق می افتد). کلمات گروه a تشریح کننده ی تکرارهای قطعی و صریح هستند. از طرف دیگر کلماتی مانند often به ما ایده ای در مورد تکرار یک واقعه میدهند اما نه به صورت قطعی. این کلمه و کلمات ذکر شده در گروه b تشریح کننده ی تکرارهای غیرقطعی و غیر صریح هستند.

قیدهای تکرار قطعی
مثال:

• hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
• every second, once a minute, twice a year
• once, twice, once or twice, three times

این قیدها مانند تمام قیدهای قطعی زمان غالبت در آخر جمله قرار میگیرند. به این مثالها توجه کنید:

• Most companies pay taxes yearly.
• The manager checks the toilets every hour.
• The directors meet weekly to review progress.

بعضی اوقات برای تاکید بیشتر یا ستایل، بعضی از این قیدها ممکن است در اول جمله قرار بگیرند برای مثال

• Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.

قیدهای تکرار غیرقطعی

مثال:

• never, seldom, sometimes, often, always

قیدهای تکرار غیر قطعی معملولا در وسط جمله قرار میگیرند. قبل از فعل اصلی -به استثنای افعال to be-

• We usually go shopping on Saturday.
• I have often done that.
• She is always late

این کلمات میتوانند در ابتدا و یا انتهای یک جمله قرار بگیرند.Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually

• Sometimes they come and stay with us.
• I play tennis occasionally.

کلمات rarely و seldom میتوانند در انتهای یک جمله قرار بگیرند (معمولا همراه با very)

• We see them rarely.
• John eats meat very seldom