علائم نقطه گذاری  Comma

عزیزان همراه!
در دوجلسه ی قبل با شکل و نام علائم نقطه گذاری(punctuation) آشنا شدید.امروز یکی از پرکاربرترین انها ,comma' رو انتخاب ونحوه ی استفاده صحیح ان را به شرح زیر در یازده مورد با مثالهای بسیار شیوا تقدیم شما میکنم. 
خواهشی که از شما دارم اینکه از اینگلیش بودن و یا طولانی بودن مطالب نترسید.چون بسیار ساده و خلاصه اما کامل بیان شده و ترجمه به پارسی فقط از زیبایی و شیوا بودن مطالب کم می کرد.
پس خواهش میکنم با حوصله هر قسمت را مطالعه بفرمایید و اگر سوالی دارید در کامنت جداگانه بپرسید,داخل کامنت همدیگه سوال نپرسید, تا به تمام سوالات شما بهترجواب داده شود. 
با کمال تشکر.

خلاصه ای در مورد اینکه کاما چیه:
A comma in writing is like a pause inside a sentence when speaking. We use commas inside sentences. Commas separate parts of a sentence into logical elements. 
Commas have no meaning, but they help us to see the structure and therefore the meaning of the sentence. 

چه فاصله ای(space) را هنگام تایپ برای 'کاما' رعایت کنیم:
Put a space after a comma. Do not put a space before a comma.
xxx, xxx correct
xxx ,xxx incorrect
xxx , xxx incorrect

کاما را در موارد زیر بکار ببرید:
1. Use a comma between items in a series or list. In a sentence, the last two items usually do not need a comma between them as they are separated by "and". However, if one or both of the last two items are long, a comma may be useful.
مثال:
coffee, tea, sugar, milk, eggs, butter, salt
-My favourite sports are football, rugby, swimming, boxing and golf.
-Hunsa was wearing blue jeans, black shoes, his brand new white 
shirt, and a brown and green cap.

2. Use a comma between three or more adjectives or adverbs.
مثال:
-I like the old, brown, wooden table.
-He bought an old, red, open-top Volkswagen.
-He ran quickly, quietly and effortlessly.

3. For two adjectives, use a comma where you could use "and".
مثال:
-It was a short, simple film. (It was a short and simple film.)
-I have a big black dog. (I have a big and black dog.)

4. Use a comma for numbers over 999. (In English, commas separate thousands and periods separate decimals. Note that some languages use the opposite system.)
مثال:
1,000 (one thousand)
1,569
$73,050.75
2,000,000
3,400,500
10.5 (ten point five or ten and a half) - note the use of the period, not comma

5. Use a comma for addresses, some dates, and titles following a name.
مثال:
-911 Avenue Mansion, Petchburi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
Los Angeles, California
November 4, 1948 (but 4 November 1948)
Fred Ling, Professor of English

6. Use a comma before or after direct speech. Do not use a comma for reported speech.
مثال:
He said, "I love you."
"I love you," he said.
He told her that he loved her.

7. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to join two independent clauses. If the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is optional.
مثال:
-He didn't want to go, but he went anyway.
-I want to work as an interpreter, so I am studying Russian at university.
-She is kind so she helps people.

8. Use commas for parenthetical elements. A "parenthetical element" is any part of a sentence that can be removed without changing the real meaning of the sentence.
مثال:
-John Geton, who is chairman of the company, is quite old.
-Andrew, my wife's brother, cannot come.
-Andrew (my wife's brother) cannot come.
-The objective, to find peace in both countries, is hard to reach.

9. Use a comma after an introductory element. A comma is optional for short, simple introductory elements.
مثال:
-Rushing to catch the flight, he forgot to take his phone.
-As the year came to an end, he realised the days were getting shorter.
-By evening we were getting worried.
-After a hefty meal cooked by his host's wife, he went to sleep.
-After a snack he went to sleep.

10. Sentence adverbs (words like however, unfortunately, surprisingly that modify a whole sentence) often require one or two commas, depending on their position in the sentence.
مثال:
-However, Anthony did arrive.
-Anthony, however, did arrive.
-We were, unfortunately, too late.
He had, not surprisingly, lost his temper.

11. An adverbial clause often needs a comma when it comes at the beginning of a sentence (but not at the end of a sentence).
مثال:
-If I win the lottery, I will buy a castle.
-I will buy a castle if I win the lottery.

ودر نهایت یک سخن نغر :
I have spent most of the day putting in a comma and the rest of the day taking it out. 
*KrisTina*